Elements of Film: Theory of Code

According to the theory of code by Roland Barthes, there is always more than one way to read a text. Within any given text there is a plurality of meaning rather than one correct reading. Uncovering a text’s plural meaning requires not only reading but also re-reading.

 Barthes identifies five different kinds of semiotic elements that are common to all texts. He gathers these signifiers into five codes: 

  • Enigma: anything that is mysterious or unexplained
  • Proairetic: sequential elements of action
  • Semantic: elements of the text that carry referential, extra-literal meaning
  • Symbolic: When two connotative elements are placed in opposition or brought together by the narrator
  • Cultural: anything in the text which refers to an external body of knowledge such as scientific, historical, and cultural knowledge


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